The Reality of To Kill A Mockingbird Essay -- Harper Lee Kill Mockingb

The Reality of To Kill A Mockingbird The epic, To Kill A Mockingbird, happens during a racially extreme time ever. Harper Lee’s tale was proposed to carry a brutal feeling of reality to this present reality, and show how it truly was during this time ever. This epic is set in Maycomb, Alabama, some place during the timespan of 1925-1935. Times were hard for the residents of Maycomb during this period, as a result of the downturn. There are numerous anecdotal occasions in this novel identified with non-anecdotal racial occasions ever. Driving the rundown of racial violations would be loathe wrongdoings, for example, lynching. Abhor wrongdoings are fierce acts against individuals, property, or associations because of the gathering to which they have a place or relate to. Despise wrongdoings are tragically a grievous piece of American history. By a long shot the biggest determinant of despise violations is racial predisposition, with African Americans the gathering at most serious hazard. (â€Å"Hate Crimes†¦Ã¢â‚¬  1) Lynching was one of the most well known techniques for completing a detest wrongdoing. The term lynching is by and large accepted to be gotten from the name of a Virginia equity of the harmony, Charles Lynch, who requested arbitrary discipline for Tory acts during the American Revolution. Wilderness settlements in the United States regularly needed built up law authorization offices and, rather, practiced rundown equity through vigilantes. Western pioneers rebuffed murder, assault, horse burglar y, and other capital violations by turning to lynching. (Lynching 1) In the South, during the period 1880 to 1940, there was profound situated and all-overrunning scorn and dread of the Negro. There was a yearly normal of sixty-two lynchings for the years 1910 to 1919. Be that as it may, starting in 1923 lynchings bega... ...sick A Mockingbird. New York: Warner Books, Inc., 1960. Lynching. . 03/14/2001. Encarta Reference. 03/14/2001. <http://afroamhistory.about.com/schoolwork/afroamhistory/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm ?site=http%3A%2F%2Fencarta.msn.com%2Findex%2Fconciseindex%2F63%2F 0633E000.htm%3Fz%3D1%26pg%3D2%26br%3D1>. ‘SCOTTSBORO BOYS’ CASE A LANDMARK. Media Kit Resources. 03/13/2001. Decatur/Morgan County Convention and Visitors Bureau. 03/13/2001. <http://www.decaturcvb.org/Pages/Press/scotboy.html>. Stone, Suzanne R. . A glance at the twentieth Century. The Augusta Chronicle 04/04/1999. . 03/13/2001 http://celebrate2000.augustachronicle.com/stories/040499/his_1924.shtml>. THE CASE OF THE SCOTTSBORO BOYS. Ed. Kelley, Robin D. G. 03/13/2001. College of Pennsylvania. 03/13/2001. <http://www.english.upenn.edu/~afilreis/88/scottsboro.html>.

Fight Club Essay -- Film Movie

This film is for the most part about a storytellers scan for significance and the battle to discover opportunity from a trivial lifestyle. It setting is in the suburbs, a relinquished house situated in a significant enormous city. Ed Norton, plays the anonymous storyteller, Brad Pitt, is Tyler Dunden, and Helena Boaham Carter is Marla Singer, the three fundamental characters. David Fincher coordinates this film in 1999, which adjusted it from the novel composed by Chuck Palahnuik. It starts delineating Edward Norton, the storyteller, working for an insurance agency as a delegate, who produces proof for reviewing vehicles. He lives in a 15 story, glass front apartment suite, with the best costly furnishings, creator garments and an absolutely vacant lifestyle. Society presently can't seem to see how business can impact an individual educational encounters. His first involvement with taking care of his concern is to look for clinical guidance for a sleeping disorder, which isn't the appropriate response. He was prompted by his primary care physician to truly observe torment, take part in is a gathering of men who have testicular malignant growth and truly experience torment. This starts his fake hunt and fix to his quest for an effortless life. He depicts his self as a disease survivor, and makes a character to fill his vacancy, and in this manner winds up going to seven gatherings per week. He at that point meets Bob, who is later executed in light of his inves tment in a shelling of a café. During this procedure the storyteller meets the chain smoking, Marla Singer. Stood up to with acknowledgment, they were the two liars and glancing in the mirror disturbed him, Marla and the storyteller consented to an arrangement not to be at a similar gathering, and the two of them could likewise evade self-reflection and contact simultaneously. These gatherings lead the storyteller into discovering his ?cavern and discovering t... ... up, Marla and the storyteller clasping hands and he says ?you met me at an exceptionally abnormal time in my life.? The last tune is ?Where is my Mind It likewise can be an image speaking to the storytellers look for his actual personality. This film is making an impression on society about what can occur in a universe of befuddled, irate men. Its focuses to the pietism of the overall population which advances authorizations of film evaluations, firearm control yet drops its kids off the see ?The Matrix?. As I would like to think, this is a decent film for understudies, who are concentrating in Sociology, Mental Health or Nursing Careers. This task required numerous abilities, to comprehend the data you required. This data was covered up in the plot so unmistakably a first year recruit understudy could have not entirely obvious it. I figure this film would be a test for upper level undergrads.

Essay Examples on the American Dream

Essay Examples on the American DreamWhether you are looking for an essay sample on the American dream or an essay sample on resume writing, you can find what you need by searching the internet. However, you should be aware that when it comes to essay samples you have a much wider range of topics than you do when looking for resume samples.The best places to look for free samples of the written word are in magazines and newspapers. But these places may not always be the best places to look for a free essay sample.There are a lot of places where you can find free essay samples on the American dream. Many of them do not charge you to use their samples and they will include a ton of information. In addition, many of these places offer free essay samples that will help you determine what type of essay you will be using on your application.You can find essay samples on the American dream on many different topics, including, but not limited to, finances, politics, self-improvement, health a nd fitness, sports, education, religion, and on. So, in order to find essay samples on the American dream that will suit your needs, you should search these places out.Another place that you can find essay samples on the American dream is on resumes. Most schools require you to submit a resume, so if you do not already have one, now is the time to get one. Resumes have been proven to get more applications filled, which translates into more job opportunities.A good resume has to include skills, educational background, work experience, references, and accomplishments, which all add up to how qualified you are for the job. You can find a ton of essay samples on the American dream on resumes and be sure to use them.You can also use essays on the American dream as a tool to help boost your self-esteem. Often times a person will write an essay on a topic that they are really passionate about, then you can use the essay as a motivation tool.If you have a subject on which you are really pas sionate about, and you just do not know how to express that, then you should consider using essay samples on the American dream as a way to get started on your own. It is free, and once you have used it a few times you will be able to recognize your own strengths and weaknesses.

Psy 201 Research Methods And Statistics - 738 Words

Khloe Copeland 1509716 PSY 201 Research Methods and Statistics in Psychology Assignment 2- Short Answer Quiz Question 1. Research, no matter what field, is often conducted and analysed in accordance with two basic approaches: quantitative and qualitative. The quantitative approach aims to test a hypothesis and examine the relationship through generating numerical data or other information that is than converted into numbers, whereas the qualitative approach is more exploratory, aiming to gain a deeper understanding of the research subject. Through breaking down and examining the key features in each of these approaches it is evident that although they both begin with a problem the researcher aims to understand they fundamentally differ. The table below shows side by side comparisons, highlighting the differences that can be used to differentiate these approaches, described broadly across three main categories. Qualitative Quantitative Methodology Interviews, focus groups, document analysis , observation Surveys, questionnaires, measurements and other numerical or measurable data and pre-formulated questions Analysis Considered to be Subjective, researchers interpretation important occurrences, analysis tends to be more time consuming, and less able to be generalized Pursues accurate measurement analysis of topic, Identifies statistical relationships. Outcome A Record with contextual description direct quotations from research participants.Show MoreRelatedVisual Perception and the Pop-Out Effect2369 Words   |  10 Pagesfor this can be found in the series of studies that were undertaken by Treisman (Ashby, Prinzmetal, Ivry Maddox, 1996). To find evidence to support their theory, Treisman and Gelade (1980) undertook numerous studies that greatly inspired more research in this field. In the first one it was found that the number of distracters in the array had very minimal impact on the time it took to identify the target when the features were only differed by one feature, example shape or colour. A second experimentRead MoreHuman Resources Management150900 Words   |  604 PagesEmployment 1996 212 216 506 202 84 495 225 30 115 16 2006 461 451 1,025 374 151 873 391 53 196 26 Change, 1996—2006 Number 249 235 520 171 66 378 166 22 81 11 Percent 118 109 103 85 79 76 74 74 71 69 SOURCE: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, http://stats.bls.gov/ecopro.table6.htm GLOBAL COMPETITION One major factor affecting these shifts is the globalization of economic forces. As seen the past few years, the collapse of Asian economies had significant effects on U.S.-based organizationsRead MoreMedicare Policy Analysis447966 Words   |  1792 PagesIncome Medicare Beneficiaries Subtitle B—Reducing Health Disparities Subtitle C—Miscellaneous Improvements TITLE III—PROMOTING PRIMARY CARE, MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES, AND COORDINATED CARE TITLE IV—QUALITY Subtitle A—Comparative Effectiveness Research Subtitle B—Nursing Home Transparency Subtitle C—Quality Measurements Subtitle D—Physician Payments Sunshine Provision Subtitle E—Public Reporting on Health Care-Associated Infections TITLE V—MEDICARE GRADUATE MEDICAL EDUCATION TITLE VI—PROGRAM

Essay on Gambling Addiction - 662 Words

Gambling Addiction 1. Introduction Gambling is created for purposes of leisure such as horse racing, poker and cards. However, when the gamblers are mentally inability to control their behaviour in engaging gambling activities, it becomes a problem. Terms like pathological gambling, problem gambling, or gambling addictions are used to describe such condition. American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV) characterises it as a disorder of impulse control. Features include â€Å"mood disorders, stress related medical conditions and personality disorders, chronic and progressive failure to resist impulses to gamble and gambling behaviour that compromises or disrupts the gambler’s life.† Therefore, a problem†¦show more content†¦In Productivity Commission 1999, Australia’s Gambling Industries, Report No.10 has the following findings: Gaming machines and casino table games have been reported attracting most problem gamblers. About 1 in 5 regular gaming machine and casino table game players score 5 or more on the South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS). People gamble in casino are mainly males, aged 18 to 24 and Asian. Gaming machine has been found no gender bias, but youths and middle income earner has slightly higher score. Lottery has been found the highest rate in gambling. Participants are dominant by age 18 to 24, male, and low level educate people. ï€   3. Influence and Contributing factors Shaffer et al. (2004) suggested that one’s inborn factors, environment, and experiences are interrelated to influence one’s addition behaviour in gambling. At the following paragraphs, I will explain the three factors individually, and will discuss their relationship afterward. In born factors: Serotonin, nor epinephrine, and dopamine are chemical substances in brain to regulate our mood and behaviour, response to stress, and motivate pleasure seeking, respectively. Therefore, gamblers with the related brain disorders, will likely to develop addiction. Environment factors: Research reported that there are more problem gamblers found in the neighbourhood where gambling incidents are frequently exposed. This proves that environment isShow MoreRelatedGambling Addiction : Illegal Gambling2199 Words   |  9 PagesGambling Addiction Walking into the flashing lights, the happy people and seeing people win; are all the start of a bad beginning. Gamblers have a different mindset them some and they need help most of the time. The worse thing for a person just starting out is to see people win because they believe they are going to do the same thing and even more. That is almost never how it turns out; it usually starts with betting small, but gamblers always raise their bets over time even if they are winningRead More Gambling Addiction Essay1116 Words   |  5 PagesGambling Addiction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gambling addiction is an issue found in numerous areas where gambling is legal. People who are addicted to gambling, also know as problem gamblers, face many health risks including depression, suicidal thoughts, loss of sleep, loss of appetite, migraine and anxiety in addition to marriage breakdown, problems at work and bankruptcy (9). About 2 percent of adults are thought to be problem gamblers (1). In today’s society this costly addiction is not often considered toRead MoreGambling Addiction918 Words   |  4 Pages Gambling can be a compulsion where people are so obsessed with gambling that they gamble for a high; much like people who have alcohol, drug, and nicotine addictions. A person who gambles for the sheer urge to gamble despite harmful negative consequences or a desire to stop is considered to have gambling addiction or ludomania. A person with ludomania loves the rush of a win over everything else in life. The addiction causes the person to choose the excitement over responsibility. Families, jobsRead MoreGambling Addiction Essay770 Words   |  4 Pagesthemselves. While this all sounds like fun and games, it can wind up being extremely dangerous. Gambling addictions can develop quickly and when they do, everyone suffers except for casino corporations. Whether it be physical, mental, marital, or financial, there are numerous problems that accompany gambling addictions. Most people are unaware of the health and psychological effects that gambling addictions can produce. Some outward health problems that stem from this include insomnia, high blood pressureRead MoreEssay on Gambling Addiction1782 Words   |  8 PagesGambling Addiction Gambling affects the person doing it and anyone who is close to them. Through personal experience getting hooked on gambling is mainly from the action and thrill of everything associated with gambling. When gambling they are part of the action and not just watching people play a game for money. If one is truly a pathological gambler, just like lying they cannot stop unless they are helped. When gambling it is very difficult to come to the realization that one is addicted. TheyRead MoreThe Effects Of Gambling Addiction On The Age1399 Words   |  6 PagesResearch Question How can the amounts gambled by young adults be reduced, and what is the path to overcoming instances of gambling addiction affecting this age group? Background Pathological gambling, also known as Ludomania, is an addiction and is clinically referred to as a disorder that can affect people of all ages. Young people between the ages of 18-24 spend more money to gamble than any other age group. This has become a growing problem over the years as our technology has advanced, causingRead MoreEssay on Gambling Addiction: Compulsive or Pathological Gambling1964 Words   |  8 Pagesam very interested in how a person could psychologically and physically feel the need to gamble. It interests me that a compulsion could turn into physical want and pain if the compulsion isn’t fulfilled. This could actually be classified as an addiction, which some people would also classify it as a disease. People gamble for many different reasons. Some people do it for the excitement in which it will make them feel a release of adrenaline. Another reason why some people do it is because they areRead MoreEssay about Gambling Addiction868 Words   |  4 Pag esGambling addiction has become very real, very quick, to me and my friends and family. My best friend’s mother, Beverly Roan, is currently incarcerated at Sandy Mush Correctional Facility in Merced, California after allegedly embezzling over $350,000.00 from her employer to fund her gambling addiction. Beverly is a 58 year old mother of three, and grandmother of eight; no one ever suspected this level of addiction or criminal activity based on our daily interactions with her. We were shockedRead MoreEssay on Gambling Addiction In Gen. Y1308 Words   |  6 PagesGambling Addiction In Gen. Y Gambling has become a growing issue concerning the generation y. According to a survey done by Ctcclearing.com1, 80% of teenagers claimed to have gambled in some form. With a percentage that large, is the problem simply that gambling is a right of passage or are teens more susceptible to the temptations that casinos have. The Addiction Compulsive gambling is a disease among many people. The American Psychiatric Association classifiesRead MoreEssay about Gambling Addiction2683 Words   |  11 PagesWhat is Gambling Addiction? While it may appear that addictions are solely pleasure-seeking behaviors, the roots of addiction can also be traced to a wish to suppress or avoid some kind of emotional pain. In the broadest sense, addictive or pathological gambling is gambling behavior which causes disruptions in any major area of life: psychological, physical, social or vocational. Addictive gambling is sometimes referred to as the hidden illness, because there are no visible physical symptoms

U.s. History United States History - 2414 Words

An Analysis of Recent Economic Recessions in United States History Prepared for: Dr. Ryo Jinnai Prepared by: Sean McConnell Date: November 21, 2014 Table of Contents Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...3 What is a Recession?.....................................................................................4 Recession or Depression?.............................................................................4 Depression Defiinition†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.4 The Difference between Recession and Depression†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...5 Causes of the Great Recession†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.5 The Consumer Age†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..5 The Housing Bubble Bursts†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 Comparing Recessions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.7 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.9 References....................................................................................................10 Introduction In this report, the Great Recession and the current economic down turn in the United States will be discussed. This report will cover the definition of both a recession and depression, and how these two differ from one another. The report will then detail two significant factors that were involved in the formation of the Great Recession. Finally, the report will discuss the differences and similarities between the Great Recession and other recessions that have taken place in recent U.S. history. What is a Recession? Most economists use the National Bureau ofShow MoreRelatedUs History Began in 1607 Essay696 Words   |  3 PagesDayana Rodriguez February 18, 2013 U.S. History 1301 V05 Instructor Gilberto Reyes Jr Did U.S. History Begin in 1607? True or False My answer would have to be true and false. I know that probably sound funny but after doing research I have found different dates in which U.S History might have started. I think that it just all depends on the person and their judgment. The topic is â€Å"U.S History began in 1607†. The year 1607, which marks the settlement of Jamestown, the first permanent EnglishRead MoreImpact Of Industrialization1134 Words   |  5 Pages Impact of Industrialization on American Society Reese Aghayedo HISTORY 1312- 701: United Stated History II September 11, 2017 â€Æ' During late 18th century and the beginning of the 19th century, the United States went through rapid industrialization that drastically changed many aspects of its society. During this era, the United States became the leading industrial capitalist of the world . This also led to tremendous increase in demand for the working-class Americans. Also, advancement inRead MoreAnalysis Of Howard Zinn s Indians History Of The Us And Larry Schweikart s, Patriots1516 Words   |  7 PagesHistory 2112 Critical Analysis Paper #1 Dr. Pitts James Hamby Monday-Wednesday 8:30pm Patriot’s vs. People’s Howard Zinn’s, Peoples’ History of the US and Larry Schweikart’s, Patriots’ History of the US are two analytical views on history that most people would consider politically conflicting. Zinn’s Marxist book was widely praised by liberal activist and Schweikart’s book is greatly publicized by conservatives like Rush Limbaugh and Glenn Beck. These two widely known historians turned theirRead MoreGilded Age Dbq Essay1643 Words   |  7 Pageseconomic growth for the United States. The period where little corporations turned into a millionaire company. The time of one of the most dynamic, contentious, and volatile periods in American history happened. National wealth increased dramatically but their was a problem for the poor and the farmers of the U.S. People may say that the Gilded Age was the era of corruption, harsh labor and brutal industrial competition, but others think that the Gilded Age is the time that the U.S. exploded industriallyRe ad More U.S. History 1877-1933 Essay1028 Words   |  5 Pages â€Å"The United States emerged from a virulent, intense, and inhumane civil war and evolved into a new nation during this period. This transition was the culmination of political, economic, social, and cultural movements which transformed the nation. E Pluribus Unum - out of many United States, one nation; the United States was forged in the cauldron of these revolutions.quot;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;-Arnold Toynbee, A Study of History nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The above statement is one thatRead MoreWoodrow Wilsons Acts Of Progressivisms1100 Words   |  5 PagesProgressivisms In the year of 1912, Democrat electoral candidate Woodrow Wilson was running in the Presidential Election against T.R. Roosevelt, W. Taft and E. Debs. After winning by a sland slide, and being nominated as the 28th President of the United State. President Wilson quickly went to work to save this nation from them, thus he created 2 antitrust laws and establishing the first federal bank. 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On October 1st, a man named Stephan Paddock, shot and killed 59 people including himself, while injuring an additional 546. This shooting is now considered the deadliest attack in United States history, so of course you can expect an ongoing political conversation on how to preven t attacks like this. During the attack, PaddockRead MoreWhat Did The End Of The Reconstruction Happened?1046 Words   |  5 PagesKyera Dancy Mr.Stanley American History 9 January 2017 Rutherford B. Hayes Who is Rutherford B. Hayes? What did he do while in office? How well did he work with congress? How well did he work with foreign countries? How well did he help the American people? Did he keep the economy ordered and organized? Hayes was the 19th President of the United States, he only served one term as president from 1877 to 1881. 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Compliance Of Medications For Harboring Positive Outcomes - Samples

Question: Discuss about the Compliance Of Medications For Harboring Positive Outcomes In COPD Patients. Answer: Introduction Over the years, it has been observed that the treatment for COPD (Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) has been advanced, non-adherence to the medical regimes that poses a significant form of barriers that have relevance to the most favorable management. The underuse, overuse and the inappropriate use if continues might lead to the most prevalent form of non-compliance to the therapy (Alanin, 2015). It has been seen that an average of forty to sixty percentage of the patients who are suffering from COPD complies to the prescribed form of the regime and only one out of ten patients performs all the main steps for medications correctly. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or COPD has the distinct characteristics of reduction in the daily activities and participation. For the COPD patients along with the medication therapy, pulmonary rehabilitation is necessary. There are some studies which state the effects of occupational therapy on the COPD patients. The occupational therapy in the patients of COPD shows the decrease in dyspnoea, increase of confidence in the job and an improvement in the activity of the lifestyle (Malapel-Empis et al., 2013). The COPD patients need the assistances of the Occupational therapists for the betterment of their day to day activities. The occupational therapists are been defined as the task for rehabilitation for the COPD patients by giving them the maximum functions for independence for sustaining the specific activities for the daily life. The COPD patients needs the assistances of the Occupational therapists for the betterment of their day to day activities The occupational therapists are been defined as the task for rehabilitation for the COPD patients by giving them the maximum functions for independence for sustaining the specific activities for the daily life. Background The therapies of COPD are majorly multi factorial and that can involve both the patients and the provider for the primary care. The effect of the instructions of the patients on the inhaler adherence and the rescue to the utilization of the medications for the patients with COPD do not feel parallel for the results that are good and that are reported by the patients who are suffering from asthma (Kirby et al., 2016). However, the use of the combined form of the inhaler may be facilitated to adhere to the medications that can improve the efficacy and the pharmaco economic factors for the influence of the selection of the patient for both the device and the regime. The health belief, behaviors and the experiences of the patients plays an important role in the therapy for adherence to the patients. The manuscripts also review that the patients with COPD are able to identify the predictors of the poor form of adherence (Fung et al., 2012). However, with the adherence to the medications, another factor that are needed for the COPD patients are the need for the Occupational therapists. The occupational therapy and the use of the self care and the activities of work and play promotes and maintains the health and prevents the form of disability and increases the independent form of functioning and can somehow enhance the rate of the development (Alanin, 2015). The organizations essentially includes all form of activities or the tasks that are been performed on every day basis. For example, being dressed, playing a form of sport, cooking the meals, taking the classes and working at the jobs are been considered as the form of occupation. The participants in the occupations serves various form of purpose that essentially includes, taking good care of themselves and then communicating with others for earning the living and developing the skills for contributing something for the society. It is very much evident that the COPD patient suffers from many problems that remain unmet in their lives. The main problems that are certainly faced by them are their impairment from doing their daily activities. Now for them the need for the occupational therapists becomes immense. These patients who are suffering from COPD that essentially includes the problems related to the psychological, physiological or the symptomatical problems. The patients can have certain physical form of ailments that be reduced by the proper physiotherapy or the patient is going through a very low self-esteem that can be reduced by some expert advices from the occupational therapists. Therefore, the occupational therapists are needed for fulfilling the basic needs of the patients that are not been done by the doctors or the nurses (Alanin, 2015). According to the World health Organization, it has been estimated that currently 210 millions of people are suffering from COPD and out of which three million people have died as per the records in 2005. The WHO has also predicted that soon COPD can become the 4th form of cause for death worldwide in the year 2030. The burdens of COPD are assessed by the disability and the adjusted form of the life years that have been ranked 10th in worldwide forum. The total number of death from the COPD can be thought to witness an increase by the amount of 30 percent in the coming one decade unless there has been any urgent form of the preventive measures that prevails in the in the place (Alif et al., 2016). The occupational therapy can help to improve the outcomes in the patients with chronic diseases for example COPD. Various pulmonary rehabilitation programs is being proposed for the improvement of the capacity and the life of the patients suffering from COPD. These programs help to improve the survival as they can modify the prognostic indicators. The pulmonary rehabilitation helps to relief from fatigue. It also improves the sense of control which the individuals can impose over their conditions. The mentioned improvements are clinically significant and large. These form a set of important elements of the management process of COPD and also help in improvement of quality of life (Anderson Hennen, 2010). Although it is a known fact that COPD cannot be cured properly and the optimal form of the management that provides the control of the symptoms slows the progression of the disease and may essentially bring improvement in the quality of life. The management of COPD may become suboptimal and when the physicians tends to fail for prescribing the appropriate form of therapies due to the evidence based guidelines and the under diagnosis, the patients aromatically adhere to the treatment of the regimes (Apps et al., 2016). Not many literary works exist on the knowledge of the physician and the patterns for the individuals with COPD that may lead to the suboptimal management and can have an adverse impact the outcomes of the patient. Adherence can be defined as the extent to which a persons behavior (in terms of taking medications, following diets, or executing lifestyle changes) coincides with medical or health advice. Purpose of the Study There are various factors for the predisposition of the patients with COPD for their poor form of adherence. The recognition of this form of non-adherence in the patients who are suffering from COPD must always be the initial stage for the complicated form of process that leads to the improvement of the adherence. The prescription of the inhaled form of medication requires the knowledge from the different form of groups and there are options for the combination of potential form of clinical efficacy (Bendixen et al., 2014). It essentially requires being very much familiar with the several form of the aerosol delivery devices. There has been newer form of medications and several devices that improves the clinical form of outcomes and the ease for the use of typically mean and higher form of pocket expenses for the patients. The perception of the patients for their illness and their understandings for the treatments and their relationships with the primary form of care providers are th e critical form of adherence to the therapy. The main purpose of the study is to know the importance of Occupational therapists to resolve the unmet healthcare services of the COPD patients. However, the literature reviews the various other researchers that had the same approach like the current study (Berekoff, 2017). Aims and objectives The main of the proposal is how the occupational therapists will provide knowledge to the COPD patients about the disease and their treatments. Objective: To observe the effect of Occupational therapists on the ADL (activities of daily life) of the patients who are suffering from COPD from the past 5 years. Literature Review Three basic types of the non-adherence to the therapy exist: underuse, overuse and the improper form of use. The underuse is defined to be the reduction in the apparent in the daily use versus the standard of the dosage for the medications that has been indicated for the treatment or the prevention of the disease or the conditions. The improper use or the inappropriate use by confirming whether the drugs are been ineffective not indicated or there is an unnecessary duplication for the therapy (Enright, 2016). Although there has been the three factors that contributes to the definition of the literature , where there are limited form of limitations that has the evidences that links the specific form of factors to each form of the non adherence in the patients with COPD that are underuse (Fung et al., 2012). By contrasting it, the improper form of use in the most frequent types of the non-adherence of the patients who are older than sixty-five years of age with the polypharmacy. The factors with the tendency for the associations with the unnecessary drugs that are being used includes the white race, annual incomes that goes in to the prescribed form of medications and the lack in the health belief of the patients. In case of the older adults there are higher form of independence and the self reliance that have been associated in the lower form of adherence for the medications for considering the inappropriate form in the lack of effectiveness and the lack of the indications. The inhaled form of the medications are that are inappropriate is due to the lack of the effectiveness of the indications (Gardner et al., 2017). The patients who are suffering from the improper form of the COPD are generally due to the underuse of the proper medications. However, due to the forgetting of the occasional form of dose, the patients with the underuse have the higher form of risks for the morbidity that are related to adherences. The recent form of evaluations for the use of the ICS emerges from the primary care of the patients that have been revealed up to the thirty percent of the patients who did not have the clear form of indications for this form of medications. Although there are improper form of use for the that co exists in the same form that can coexists in the same patients, improper use may not correlate with underuse (Kirby et al., 2016). However, evidences for the overuse of the short acting form of beta agonists in the patients who are suffering from asthma exist, but it is little known facts that the real incidences of the over usage in the patients who are suffering from COPD. During the respiratory distresses, it has been seen that roughly half of the patients have reported using more than the prescribed amount of the medications (Laver et al., 2017). The patients who are suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases often experiences the problems in performing the daily living activities. There are various researches that administers the self reported quality of the ADL task performances of the patients who are suffering from COPD (Li et al., 2017). The majority of the patients who are suffering from the chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases tend to experirnce the decreased form of ability for performing the activities of the daily life tasks that are been caused for the diminished form of the quality of life. The COPD is achronic form of the disease that are been characterized by the shortening of the breadth, coughing that are been accompanied by some sputum, the reduced level of the functioning of the lungs, the deconditioning, anxiety and the depression. However, the pulmonary rehabilitation proggrammes for the groups of the patients who are suffering from COPD may certainly reduce the hospital readmissions, mortality and the exacerbation (Lundquist, 2015). According to Gimeno-Santos et al., (2014), low level of physical inactivity is associated with poor prognosis in patients with COPD. As COPD patients are comparatively less physically active than healthy patients, it is necessary to understand the determinants and outcomes of physical activity in such patients to improve their health. Physical inactivity can occur due to many reasons but it can be treated among the patients with COPD. Pulmonary rehabilitation has drastically affected in the improvement of the physical activity in the COPD patients (Malapel-Empis et al., 2013). Unmet health care needs can be defined as the difference between the healthcare services that is needed and services that are received. The basic determinant of health is the access to the health care and its distribution among the population which is a vital problem of the healthcare services (Martinsen et al., 2017). The unmet needs are considered as tools used for monitoring the access and the extent of use in health care. Ethical issues As COPD is a progressive disease is often characterized by frequent occurring of respiratory failure. At this point the ethical dilemmas occur for deciding whether to initiate the mechanical ventilation for the patients of COPD. For the benefits of the ventilation in the patient with COPD, a physician must consider the results of the respiratory failure of the patient (Martinsen et al., 2017). There are some therapies such as pulmonary rehabilitation which emphasizes the behavioral change through the self management. It may lead to increase in the capacity of greater participation for the physical activities. Both of these capacities of exercise and the changes in behavior are important for achieving the long lasting increase in the physical activities in COPD patients (Michaeloudes et al., 2016). The patients who are suffering from the improper form of the COPD are generally due to the underuse of the proper medications. However, due to the forgetting of the occasional form of dose, the patients with the underuse have the higher form of risks for the morbidity that are related to adherences. The recent form of evaluations for the use of the ICS emerges from the primary care of the patients that have been revealed up to the thirty percent of the patients who did not have the clear form of indications for this form of medications. Although there are improper form of use for the co exists in the same form that can coexists in the same patients, there might be an absence of a relationship between improper use and underuse (Petersen Larsen, 2011). However, there are evidences for the overuse of the short acting form of beta agonists in the patients who are suffering from asthma, but it is little known facts that the real incidences of the over usage in the patients who are suffering from COPD. During the respiratory distresses, it has been seen that approximately half of the patients have reported using more than the prescribed amount of the medications (Pierce et al., 2016). The patients who are suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases often experience the problems in performing the daily living activities. There are various researches that administer the self reported quality of the ADL task performances of the patients who are suffering from COPD (Sewell Singh, 2001). The majority of the patients who are suffering from the chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases tend to experience the decreased form of ability for performing the activities of the daily life tasks that are been caused for the diminished form of the quality of life (Pinto-Plata et al., 2017). The COPD is a chronic form of the disease that are been characterized by the shortening of the breadth, coughing that are been accompanied by some sputum, the reduced level of the functioning of the lungs, the reconditioning, anxiety and the depression. However, the pulmonary rehabilitation programs for the groups of the patients who are suffering from COPD may certainly reduce the hospital readmissions, mortality and the exacerbation (Tsiligianni et al., 2017). de Groot PhD van der Maas MSc, (2014) further showed that use of validated occupational tool might help to manage newly admitted patients with chronic pain in rehabilitation clinic. Such tools helps to interpret care and structure patie nt;s thought related to treatment and therapy. Methodology Design of the study The study is a Qualitative dissertation with a Narrative case study. The study is based on how theOccupational therapist helps to maintain the ADL (Activities of Daily Lives) of the COPD patients. The COPD patients were are selected from the Lung Foundation of Australia.. The researcher will design a fully structured form of interview with five participants. After identifying the patients who are suffering from COPD as the target population, five patients between the age group of 20 to 50 years will be selected and interviewed. This will be achieved by seeking the consent of the participants, informing them about the significance of the research and eventually scheduling an interview to directly engage them by asking comprehensive short and long questions (Valenza et al., 2015) Procedure Firstly, the participants were given an introduction about the study from the researcher. The participants should fill the consent form that ensures that the participants are been interviewed due to their own will and they were not forced to give their interviews. Once the participants have given the consent, then the participants were being interviewed individually. The researcher recorded the responses of the participants. Each participant was provided with a questionnaire and was provided some space where they can freely express their views about COPD and their extent (Vizir Berezin, 2015). They were also allowed to tell about their views for the benefits of treatment of the COPD. Once the participants have responded to the questions, the data collection was considered complete. Lastly, once the procedure is completed, the respondents were thanked for their responses. The contact information of the researcher and supervisor were provided if the participant were interested in the results of the study (Vizir Berezin, 2015). Limitations Doctors, nurses, anyone who belongs to the field of medicine are excluded. The other important factor that should be taken into account before choosing the participants is the mood and mental health of the person. The person who seems to have a bad mood on the day of the interview is strictly avoided. For this study, both the gender both male and female participants were taken. Therefore, some biases can emerge which cannot be controlled. Time-Table (Gantt chart) Task and Time Week 1 Week 2 and 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 and 8 Week 9 Week 10 Week 11 Week 12 Introduction and Search for Secondary Data Literature Review Research Methodology Design of Data Collection and Methods Data Collection Data Analysis and Presentation Conclusion and Recommendations Proof- Reading Sending First Draft to Supervisor Printing, Binding and Submission References Alanin, M. (2015).Bacteriology and treatment of infections in the upper and lower airways in patients with primary ciliary dyskinesia.addressing the parenasal sinuses.ActaOtolaryngol,135, 58-63. Alif, S. M., Dharmage, S. C., Benke, G., Dennekamp, M., Burgess, J., Perret, J. L., ... Thomas, P. S. (2016). Lifetime Occupational Exposure To Vapor, Gases/fumes, Dust And Risk Of COPD At 45 Years: The Tasmanian Longitudinal Health Study (tahs). InB24. OCCUPATIONAL MEDICINE(pp. A2989-A2989). American Thoracic Society. Anderson, M., Hennen, D. (2010). The effectiveness of occupational therapy interventions in pulmonary rehabilitation: A systemic literature review (Doctoral dissertation, The College of St. Scholastica). Apps, M., Mukherjee, D., Abbas, S., Minter, J., Whitfield, J., Field, S., ... Ateli, L. (2016). A Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Service Integrating Community And Hospital Services Can Improve Patient Care And Reduce Hospital Stays. InA41. THE SPECTRUM COPD CARE: FROM IDENTIFICATION TO POLICY(pp. A1523-A1523). American Thoracic Society. Bendixen, H. J., Ejlersen Whrens, E., Wilcke, J. T., Srensen, L. V. (2014). Self-reported quality of ADL task performance among patients with COPD exacerbations.Scandinavian journal of occupational therapy,21(4), 313-320. Berekoff, B. C. (2017). Conference 2017: From Innovation to Patient Solution. An international symposium held jointly by CSPS and CC-CRS, May 10-12, 2017, Montral, QC Canada.Journal of Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Sciences,20, 20-140s. de Groot PhD, S., van der Maas MSc, L. C. (2014). Canadian Occupational Performance Measure performance scale: Validity and responsiveness in chronic pain.Journal of rehabilitation research and development,51(5), 727. Enright, P. L. (2016). Oxygen desaturation during a 6-min walk identifies a COPD phenotype with an increased risk of morbidity and mortality. Fung, A., Chan, L. L., So, C. T., Chau, S. S., Chan, T. M., Chan, C., ... Wong, W. K. (2012). Reliability and Validity of the Self-administered Chinese Version of the Shortness of Breath Questionnaire (C-SOBQ) in Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.Hong Kong Journal of Occupational Therapy,22(2), 75-83. Gardner, J., Swarbrick, M., Ackerman, A., Church, T., Rios, V., Valente, L., Rutledge, J. (2017). Effects of Physical Limitations on Daily Activities Among Adults With Mental Health Disorders: Opportunities for Nursing and Occupational Therapy Interventions.Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services. Gimeno-Santos, E., Frei, A., Steurer-Stey, C., De Batlle, J., Rabinovich, R. A., Raste, Y., ... Kulich, K. (2014). Determinants and outcomes of physical activity in patients with COPD: a systematic review.Thorax,69(8), 731-739. Kirby, M., Tan, W. C., Hague, C., Leipsic, J., Bourbeau, J., Hogg, J. C., Coxson, H. (2016). CT Total Airway Count Explains Airflow Limitation In COPD Patients Without Emphysema. InC48. COPD: IMAGING(pp. A5202-A5202). American Thoracic Society. Laver, K., Cumming, R., Dyer, S., Agar, M., Anstey, K. J., Beattie, E., ... Dietz, M. (2017). Evidence?based occupational therapy for people with dementia and their families: What clinical practice guidelines tell us and implications for practice.Australian occupational therapy journal,64(1), 3-10. Li, H. C. W., Lam, T. H., Wong, C. N., Fong, D. Y. T., Kwong, D. L. W., Tung, S. Y., ... Sarna, L. (2017). Helping cancer patients quit smoking using brief risk communication and motivational counseling: A randomized controlled trial (poster and abstract). InHealth Research Symposium 2017, June 16, 2017, Hong Kong. Lundquist, S. (2015).Impact of gender, perception of being overweight and fat acceptance on personal agency: Establishing additional validity and reliability for the personal agency questionnaire. Alliant International University. Malapel-Empis, H., Saragoni, A., Guyot, M., Donze, C. (2013). Evaluation of user's satisfaction after their first acquisition of an electric-powered wheelchair. Martinsen, U., Bentzen, H., Holter, M. K., Nilsen, T., Skullerud, H., Mowinckel, P., Kjeken, I. (2017). The effect of occupational therapy in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A randomized controlled trial. Scandinavian journal of occupational therapy, 24(2), 89-97. Michaeloudes, C., Kuo, C. H., Adcock, I. M., Chung, K. F. (2016). Altered Redox And Metabolic Status In Airway Smooth Muscle Cells Of Patients With COPD. InC71. YOU ARE WHAT YOU BREATHE: AIRWAY CELL BIOLOGY IN COPD(pp. A5880-A5880). American Thoracic Society. Petersen, A., Larsen, S. (2011). Occupational therapy intervention for patients with COPD rehabilitation at home.International Journal Of Integrated Care,11(7). Pierce, G., Newell, J., Comellas, A., Hoffman, E., Warner, K., Croghan, A., ... Hoth, K. (2016). Carotid artery stiffness is associated with CT-measured lung air-trapping in COPD patients and controls independent of age, blood pressure and smoking history.Artery Research,16, 64. Pinto-Plata, V. M., Braman, S. S., Carlin, B., Dhand, R., Hanania, N., Ohar, J. A., ... Eubanks, D. (2017). Are Patients And Physicians On The Same Page? Results Of A Survey Regarding Gaps In Knowledge Among Patients With COPD And Pulmonologists On Nebulizer Therapy. InA48. COPD: ISSUES IN HEALTH CARE DELIVERY(pp. A1727-A1727). American Thoracic Society. Sewell, L., Singh, S. (2001). The Canadian Occupational Performance Measure: Is it a Reliable Measure in Clients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease?.British Journal Of Occupational Therapy,64(6), 305-310. Tsiligianni, I., Rodrguez, M. R., Lisspers, K., LeeTan, T., Infantino, A. (2017). Call to action: improving primary care for women with COPD.npj Primary Care Respiratory Medicine,27. Valenza, M. C., Torres-Sanchez, I., Morales-Garcia, C., Moreno, P., Rodriguez, J., Ortiz, A. (2015).Effectiveness of an occupational therapy program after AECOPD. Vizir, V. A., Berezin, A. E. (2015). Pulmonology diseases: Bronchial asthma. Copd.Pneumonias. Diagnosis and management approaches.

Assessed practical- Determining the relative atomic mass of lithium Essay Example

Assessed practical- Determining the relative atomic mass of lithium Essay o Hazards of chemicals used and obtained:Method 1- 2Li(s) + 2H2O(l) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 2LiOH(aq) + H2(g)Method 2- LiOH(aq) + HCl(aq) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ LiCl(aq) + 2H2O(l)In method 1 hydrogen gas is produced. This is flammable and although not a lot will be produced it would be safe to keep the product away from open flames, sparks, etc. The product of the second method, lithium hydroxide, is alkaline and an irritant. When handling it care should be taken and if it is spilt all of it should be cleaned up immediately. Although not hazardous to us the lithium is very reactive and is used in small quantities. Also precaution must be taken in order to get accurate results, as with the distilled H2O that may become contaminated.In method 2 hydrochloric acid is used and although it only has a concentration of 0.1mol dm-3 care must be taken so it isnt spilt or brought into contact with skin, as it is an irritant. To protect clothes from the chemicals an apron should be worn.o Method 1 results:0.10grams of lithium produced 172cm3 of hydrogen gas, moles of H2 collected:H2 produced = 172cm3 = 7.167à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½10-3moles24000cm3(1 mole of gas) 24000cm32Li(s) + 2H2O(l) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 2LiOH(aq) + H2(g) molar ratio of Li to H2 is 2:1 therefore;the amount of moles of lithium that reacted = 7.167à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½10-3moles à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 2 = 0.0143molesRelative atomic mass of lithium = mass = 0.1000g = 6.99g mol-1moles 0.0143molo Method 2 results:titration1234initial (cm3)0.00.00.00.0final (cm3)36.836.136.036.0test run average titre = 36.1 + 36.0 + 36.03= 36.03cm3On average, 25.00cm3 of LiOH(aq) required 36.03cm3 of 0.10mol dm-3 HCl. So;moles of HCl used in the titration = concentration à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ volume= 0.1000mol dm-3 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 36.03 dm31000= 3.603à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½10-3 molesAs 1 mole of LiOH reacts with 1 mole of HCl, [LiOH(aq) + HCl(aq) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ LiCl(aq) + 2H2O(l)] then 3.603à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½10-3 moles of LiOH were used in the titration. Only 25cm3 of the LiOH solution at a time during the titrati on, so the number of moles in the 100cm3 solution from method one = 4 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 3.603à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½10-3 = 0.0144moles.Therefore, the relative atomic mass of lithium = moles = 0.1000g = 6.94g mol-1.0.0144dm3o Evaluation:Overall my results are quite accurate and in the case of method two correct, when rounded to three significant figures. In my calculations I used four significant figures in order to improve accuracy, and by using the average of three titrations (all within one decimal place of each other) helped the reliability of the results.Procedural errors:Firstly the lithium. Exposure to oxygen in the air forms a layer of lithium oxide that coats the sample and when put in the water will affect the amount of lithium hydroxide produced. To overcome this problem the lithium should be added to the distilled water straight after it has been weighed. The oil the lithium is stored in is useful to stop this process but it will contaminate the lithium hydroxide as well as causing error s in measurement. A polarised, un-reactive solution could be used instead. Secondly, in method one the tube that carries the hydrogen to the measuring cylinder is susceptible to contain trapped air that would give an inaccurate reading of gas produced. This makes method two more relatively reliable as the indicator will give a more sensitive, accurate reading whilst you must also consider gas that escapes in the time taken to place the plug on the flask in method 1.Errors in measurement:The oil on the lithium affects the weight and it must be mostly removed to get a correct lithium weight measurement, whilst at the same time prevent the lithium reacting with the oxygen in the air and causing a negligible contamination of the lithium hydroxide. Ideally a polarized, un-reactive solution should be used instead. Another measurement error is the resolution of the apparatus used; the scales measured to the nearest 10mgram, the burette measured to the nearest 1cm3 whilst the measuring cyli nder to the nearest 2cm3. With a higher resolution method two will have more accurate results. The most significant measurement error is the amount of gas given off in method one. Aside from the procedure the measurement can be modified to reduce the error:H2 gas produced = 172cm3 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 1cm3 (as the resolution is to the nearest 2cm3).Minimum possible value: 171cm3. Relative atomic mass of lithium: 171/24000 = 7.125à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½10-3moles. 7.125à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½10-3 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 2 = 0.01425moles.0.1/0.01425 = 7.02g mol-1(3s.f).Maximum possible value: 173cm3. Relative atomic mass of lithium: 173/24000 = 7.208à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½10-3moles. 7.208à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½10-3 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 2 = 0.0144moles.0.1/0.0144 = 6.94g mol-1(3s.f).

How Does SAT Essay Length Affect Your Score

How Does SAT Essay Length Affect Your Score SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips True or False: Since essay length is not mentioned in the SAT essay grading rubric, it doesn’t matter how much you write in your essay. Answer: True...but also false. Read on for an explanation of why and how the length of your SAT essay can affect your score. feature image credit: How long by Martin Abegglen, used under CC BY-SA 2.0/Cropped modified from original. Why Does Essay Length Matter? Why would you think that essay length even matters in the first place? As I said in the introduction, it's not as if the SAT essay rubric mentions essay length at all. Well, there's at least one good reason to think this: essay length is positively correlated with essay score. Ever since the essay was added to the SAT, current MIT research affiliate (and former director of the MIT undergraduate writing program) Les Perelman has been vocal about how the longer an essay is, the more likely it is to get a higher score. According to this 2005 New York Times article by Michael Winerip, Perelman analyzed the lengths and scores of 54 SAT-approved sample essays and found a nearly 90% correlation. The shortest essays (around 100 words) received the lowest possible score, 1 (or a combined score of 2 out of 12), while the longest essays (around 400 words), received the highest score, a 6 (or a combined score of 12 out of 12). Based on these findings, representatives of the CollegeBoard stated that they would be releasing shorter examples of higher-scoring essays. This controversy first erupted in early 2005, right after the new SAT essay was introduced. To see if there had been any changes since then, I did my own analysis of the essays in the CollegeBoard's essay scoring guide that were all written in response to the sample prompt. Take a look at what I found: Bonus graph reading practice for you in this, an article on essays. You're welcome. As you can see, as essay length (measured by word count in the graph above) increases, the score also increases. Just because longer essays tend to score better, however, doesn’t mean that you should just write the word â€Å"ideology† over and over again to fill up the page. The reason longer essays tend to score better is that students who write longer essays provide more support for their theses. If this is the essay prompt: "Is it important to question the ideas and decisions of people in positions of authority," and all you write is the following: "It's important to question authority because sometimes authority stops you from doing things you want. Like getting a pony. I want a pony. I want a pony. I want a pony. I want a pony." for two pages, you'll still get a 0. Maybe a 1, if the grader is feeling generous and thinks that you made some attempt to write about the issue discussed in a prompt. For more on the thought process of essay grading, read our article about insights from real SAT essay graders. Similarly, if you try to drag out one example by writing larger than usual and restating the same facts and information over and over again, it won't automatically get you a higher score. In fact, you may lose points if either of your essay's graders think that your repeating of information leads to lack of coherence in your writing. In any case, unless you have extremely small handwriting, it’s very difficult to write an essay that presents a thesis and supports it with at least two specific examples in less than one page. Bad hair day by Brian Snelson, used under CC BY 2.0/Cropped from original. Seriously, though. Look at that face. Wouldn't you want a pony? So How Long Should Your Essay Be? Many factors go into determining essay length, which makes it difficult to give a blanket length recommendation. Here are the most important factors when it comes to length of your SAT essay: Vocabulary. Often, the more advanced vocab you use, the fewer words you’ll need to get the job done, which might result in a shorter essay. Handwriting size. Students with larger handwriting will naturally take up more space on the page than students with smaller handwriting. This doesn't necessarily mean students with larger handwriting have an advantage, however; in fact, students with larger handwriting tend to run into the issue of having filled two pages and not finished saying everything they needed or wanted to say. How fast you can write and think. If you need to take longer to plan out your essay, you might end up writing a shorter essay, simply because you don't have as much time to write. That doesn't necessarily mean that you'll do worse on the essay - since an organized essay with strong specific examples will score better than a disorganized one without specific examples - but it does mean that you might end up with less time to write out your ideas. How much time you leave yourself to write (vs. how much time you take to plan). This is something you need to figure out for yourself through practice and observation. Over the years, I've realized that I can write fairly quickly, which means that it's okay if I take a little more time to plan out my essay - I'll still be able to fill up those two pages. On the other hand, if you find that you're a slow writer, you might not be able to write enough unless you get very fast at planning your essay. In general, assuming about 150 words per handwritten page, you need to write at least a page and a half (1.5 pages) to get a 3 or above on your essay (or a combined score of 6 or above). You'll need at least that much space to say what you need to say and support it clearly with concrete examples. What’s Next? Want to find out more about how to write a good SAT essay? Watch us write a top-scoring essay step-by-step, then check out our tips on how to write a long SAT essay as well as our more general SAT essay tips. Discover the secrets to getting a perfect 12 on your SAT essay here. What if you're planning on taking the new SAT? Read our breakdown of the new SAT essay here. Want to get serious about improving your SAT score? We have the leading online SAT prep program that will raise your score by 160+ points, guaranteed. Exclusive to our program, we have an expert SAT instructor grade each of your SAT essays and give you customized feedback on how to improve your score. Check out our 5-day free trial and sign up for free:

Strategies in Action,Implementing Strategies and Finance and Growth Assignment

Strategies in Action,Implementing Strategies and Finance and Growth Strategies - Assignment Example CLS is basically about cost-related efficiency. Thus scale economies play a very significant role here. Selling a standardized product at a lower price to a large segment of customers is the underlying principle of CLS (Pretorius, 2008). While Starbucks being a network of high street coffee shops meets some of these requirements, its inability to keep prices low has been attributed to rising costs. In fact with Shultz assuming duties as the Chairman of the company in 1987, things began to improve at Starbucks and the trend continued till 2000 when he became the President. n the first few years of the current decade Starbucks faced some of the worst problems. In the first place, prices began to rise much faster and bureaucratic bungling hampered progress on many fronts. The current developments show that rising demands by employees for higher salaries and the addition of frills such as flavors have been the main cause of rising costs. Porter’s Generic Strategy requires such costs to be brought under control so that scale related economies become positive by way of reduced average costs and mass sales. Right now, unfortunately, it seems neither is happening at Starbucks and most probably this is partially due to the economic downturn. Despite Shultz’ efforts to bring down costs by curtailing pay and extra benefits to staff, there is a sizeable rise in the paychecks and the company is losing on the competition front. The competitive cost advantage is often attributed to scale economies and at Starbucks, it did not happen as of late. Porter has mentioned two dimensions – strategic scope and strategic strength – as essential factors for CLS to be achieved. The rest of the original cube of 27 points is no more in vogue. However, his emphasis on product differentiation and cost efficiency matters here because Starbucks had a troubled past and is just now emergent from its troubles with Shultz at the helm again as the CEO.  Ã‚  

Jesus as God Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Jesus as God - Essay Example This paper will therefore discuss the critical aspect of whether Jesus is a God or not? Another important question regarding the Jesus is his return and the second coming. Historical records will be presented and discussed to argue that second coming can be expected with certain degree of surety however, there are certain conditions which need to be met before second coming of Jesus can become a reality. This paper will attempt to discuss as to how much sure we can be regarding the return of Jesus besides discussing as to how a Christian should lead a life. Since every religion outlines important and necessary conditions to be followed to live a religious life therefore this paper will also argue as to how much it will matter for a Christian to live a life. Jesus as God One of the key debates in the Christianity is whether the Jesus is a God or claimed to be God. In order to discuss this proposition, it is important to discuss some of the Biblical references to outline the position a s per religious scripture of Christianity. There are also other references in the Bible wherein Jesus even forgave the sins thus giving the impression that he was exercising the powers of God. There are three important incidents or references where Christ has clearly declared himself as the son of God. ... As such Jesus as the son of God therefore impliedly suggests that Jesus is God and also performed acts in his own name which can be attributed to God. For example, he cured sick and raised the dead apart from showing other miracles all of which were done in his own name. Such actions therefore suggest that Jesus and God is same thing. It is however, important to understand that Christianity as a religion started in Jews and remained a Jewish religion for considerable period of time. It is important to understand that it is generally believed that among all religions, Jews were less likely to construct an image of God as represented by Jesus. Judaism was the first monotheist religion and the foundations of the new religion were also based on same principles therefore it was unlikely that Jesus was God himself. (Ball and Johnsson). The cruxification of Jesus was also mainly due to the fact that he declared himself as God which typically was in conflict with the Judiaism therefore Jews tried him for blasphemy. How can we be confident that Jesus is returning? There are clear Biblical references regarding the return of the Jesus as Bible, at various places, has mentioned Jesus as confirming his return. Gospel of Mathew provides references to different instances or the conditions which will happen when Jesus will actually return and make his second coming. Revelation 17 actually predicts the return of the Jesus and refers to the second coming of the Jesus therefore not only the Christian beliefs suggest that Jesus will return. (Gonzalez) There are however, references to the two different and distinct concepts about Jesus i.e. the one Jesus is the physical entity whereas the second Jesus

Impact Of Television On Sexual Behaviour Of Youths Media Essay

Impact Of Television On Sexual Behaviour Of Youths Media Essay INTRODUCTION Television, radio, films, newspapers, magazines, books, and other media are increasingly persuasive and influential in peoples lives around the world. New technologies such as the Internet, cell-phones and chat rooms, have changed the nature of the media experience in significant ways through the information they provide to users. The information obtained from mass media maybe constructive or detrimental and it is for that reason there is need to assess the impact it has on teenagers sexual behaviour by mainly focusing on televised programmes. Background of the Thesis Televised programmes do qualify as one of the convenient sexual educators in our culture but laden with contradictions. TVs accessibility and popular appeal make it an excellent instructor, offering a convenient way to learn about sex without embarrassment which usually arises between parents and their children when discussing sex related issues. While TVs sexual messages are not always explicit, they are abundant, and often provide information youth do not get elsewhere. Through its dialogue, characterisations, storylines, and themes, television presents adolescents with numerous verbal and visual examples of how dating, intimacy, relationships, and sex are handled. On the other hand, concern is often expressed that the messages TV sends about sexuality are limited, sometimes stereotypical, and potentially harmful. The concern is that the prevalence of sexual content on TV inadvertently overemphasizes the role of sex in male-female relationships. Of equal concern is the impression t hat television provides a one-dimensional picture of sexual relationships and sexual encounters are always spontaneous, romantic, and risk free. Thus, because of the prevalent yet limited nature of TVs sexual content, researchers and educators have become interested in/whether viewing of these portrayals is associated with distorted expectations, irresponsible sexual decision-making, and permissive sexual attitudes. Although the research in this area has been sparse in Kenya, research findings do associate amount of TV viewing with viewers sexual attitudes, expectations, and behaviour. First, greater TV exposure has been linked to viewers attitudes about sex and sexual relationships. Both heavy regular consumption of and experimental exposure to sexually-oriented genres, such as soap operas and music videos, have been related to expressing more liberal sexual attitudes, to being more accepting of sexual improprieties, and to more negative attitudes toward remaining a virgin. Together, these findings but not limited to, provide tentative evidence of a link between watching sexually-oriented programming and viewers own sexual attitudes, expectations, and behaviour. The effects of television consumption on teenagers behaviour regarding to sex are of increasing interest to educators, policy makers, program planners and the society as whole. The concern is that the extent to which frequent consumption of media with high levels of sexual content and low levels of portrayal of responsible sexual conduct is a pivotal influence on young peoples subsequent sexual behaviour, including the responsible use of protection from pregnancy and disease. Research done in United States has demonstrated that young people are heavy consumers of sexually- oriented media including TV, both broadcast and cable channels, videos, movies, magazines, and, more recently, the internet. The researcher acknowledges that the above mentioned relationship cannot be generalised across cultures especially Kenya and United States, however televised programmes do carry sexual content across board. Content analyses have also demonstrated that broadcast television contains a high, growing and increasingly explicit dose of sexual messages, and that a proportion of such messages display or model either restraint or contraceptive use. However, scientific evidence has not yet established a causal relationship between exposure to sexual content in the media and teenagers attitudes concerning sexuality and their own sexual behaviours. Therefore a detailed research that addresses the nature and magnitude of the role of television in teenagers decisions regarding sexual intercourse and protection from disease and unintended pregnancy might create data which could guide future policy making and programming, both in the government and in the media industries. Statement of the Problem The role of television as a sexual educator in our culture is perceived to be inappropriate. On the one hand, televisions accessibility and popular appeal as an excellent instructor, does offer a convenient way to learn about sex and sexual behaviours without embarrassment. While televisions sexual messages are not necessarily visually explicit (which can be either non-verbal or verbal cues), they often provide information that teenagers may not receive elsewhere. One dimension of involvement to be considered is viewing motivation, or viewers expected uses of television. People use and select media (television) to gratify specific needs, and that specific uses lead to differences in behaviour and outcomes. According to this construct, people exhibit varying levels of activity when using the media, differing in their selectivity, attention to, and involvement with the content viewed. However, while the expectation is that the effect of television content will therefore depend on ones level of active involvement. It is argued that facilitative activity, which includes selectivity, attention, and involvement, is more likely to enhance television effects on sexual behaviour, whereas inhibitory activity, which includes avoidance, distraction, and scepticism, should deter teenagers involvement in sexual activities. Focusing on the two dimensions of facilitative activity and inhibitory activity, the researcher seeks to determine to what extent televi sion viewing impact on teenagers sexual behaviour. Thesis Objectives In order to achieve the purpose of the study which is to determine the impact of television on the sexual behaviour of the youth by exploring aspects of television use that are associated with teens sexual behaviours and expectations, hence the research has based its objectives on: To investigate whether television content affects the sexual beliefs and behaviour of the youth To investigate what sexual content the youth pay attention to and how they interpret what the see and hear. To investigate whether television as a form of media can be used to promote responsible sexual behaviour Thesis Questions What sexual content do teenagers pay attention to, and how do they interpret what they see and hear? Do sexual media content affect teenagers sexual beliefs and behaviour? Can the mass media be used to promote responsible sexual behaviour among teenagers? Hypotheses The study will test the following hypotheses; Sexual behaviour among the youth is influenced by what they see on television. Television is appropriate channel to educate the youth on responsible sexual behaviours. Television has become a peer to the youth. Limitation of the Thesis For comparison reasons, the research is limited to researches done on the similar topic on argument impact of television on the sexual behaviour of youths. The study sample of teenagers between the age of 15 to 17 living in Starehe constituency may not give a fully representation of the each and every youth in the country. Its important to note that there no readily available research or documented information regarding to television viewing among teenagers in Kenya which would have added value to this research. The study is limited in collection of primary data specifically in interviews and questionnaires. The question of whether the respondents will accept appointments, attend, answer and return the questionnaires in good time is delimitation to the research. It is important to mention that not all respondents will be able to reply to the questionnaires adequately due to reasons beyond the researchers control, while some may have clerical errors. Concerted efforts will be ensured for better response and retrieval of important information from relevant sources. Motivation This study is important for Kenyan society, in understanding the impact of television on the sexual behaviours of youths. Furthermore, the information attained in this study could also help in understanding sexual decisions that are made by youths. As the country and the world as a whole are working towards combating the HIV and AIDS epidemic, it is imperative to try and understand the different aspects (peers, parents, television, as well as the media as a whole) that contribute to such decisions, particularly since statistics have highlighted that they are more vulnerable to being infected and are at the risk of experiencing teenage pregnancy. Thesis Structure The thesis will be segmented in chapters; the first chapter will concentrate on the sociological analysis of the topic whereby the study will look at the problem, its root-cause and what has been done by other researchers on teenagers sexual attitudes and behaviour regarding to what they watch on televised media. In this particular chapter the study will look at various communication and psychological development theories which tend to explain teenage sexuality. The subsequent chapter or segmentation of this study will document the research methodology in collecting primary data, sampling of respondents, data collection and analysis. The study uses descriptive survey research design whereby the researcher will describe a scenario to a respondent who will then give in-depth response on the same. The research population is drawn from teenagers of age 15-17 years old whereby stratified sampling will be applied to select the respondents. The final chapter deals with elaboration of the communication strategies available such as injection theory and agenda setting theory followed by the justification of the communication theories through the research findings and details on the implementation of the proposed thesis. It will end with general conclusion based on the findings expressed from data analysis and discussed literature in view of thesis objectives. CHAPTER ONE Introduction This chapter deals with literature concerning previous studies relating directly and indirectly to the influence of television on adolescent girls sexual attitudes and behaviour. Furthermore, this chapter furnishes a detailed description of how different researchers view the underlying assumption of this study together with a consideration of the different methodologies employed to conduct the various studies which have resulted in similar conclusions. This chapter further describes how television has influenced other aspects of adolescent life and behaviour. Although the study solely focuses on the impact of television, the study also describes mass media in order to broaden the perspective regarding media influence among adolescents. In addition, the researcher indicates how television influences other behaviours other than sexual. The reason of including other manifesting behaviours is to illustrate that if television is able to influence teenagers in this manner, it may also influence their sexual attitudes and behaviour. Teenagers and Sexuality Teenagers undergo adolescence which is viewed as a time of adjustment and is often characterised by turmoil resulting from issues regarding identity and sexual identity and orientation. A key period of sexual exploration and development occurs during adolescence. During this time, individuals begin to consider which sexual behaviours are enjoyable, moral, and appropriate for their age group. Many adolescents become sexually active during this period. Sexuality is a developmental milestone among teenagers with which each generation struggles. Sexuality encompasses behavioural components with boundaries of sexual activity moving in an increasingly permissive direction. Perceptions appear to be constant through the ages while only the circumstances change. An emphasis on individual freedom and rights-driven culture in societies may be influential in this apparent permissiveness. A number of factors which include media and the internet, urbanization, electronic communication, peer influences and the breakdown of traditional parental and community structures also play a part. Therefore, we look at these factors in more detail. Factors Influencing Sexual Behaviour There are many factors that contribute to and influence sexual behaviours among adolescents. Family structure, age, gender, parenting styles, and type of parental communication have all been pointed out as factors that influence teenagers behaviour. However, family structure has been of particular interest to most researchers as more adolescents are being exposed to family disruption and are moving away from traditional lifestyles. The positive or negative impact of these changes on adolescents may also influence their sexual behaviour. Teenage sexual attitudes and behaviours are also influenced by: Biological and psychological factors within an individual this refers to age, level of maturity and gender Close relationships in family and peer groups refers to the people with whom a teenager enjoys near, close or intimate relationships. Socio-cultural contexts such as race, religion, school and the media refers to the kind of environment from which a teenager come from, their belief systems, the kind of education, as well as the kind of media (television, print media, internet, radio), to which they have been exposed. Consequently this research aims at determining television as an influencing factor on the sexual behaviour of teenagers in Starehe constituency. One potential but largely unexplored factor that may contribute to sexual behaviours among adolescents is exposure to sexual content in the mass media. The average youth spends one third of each day exposed to media, and the majority of that exposure occurs outside of parental oversight. Although mass media have been shown to have an influence on a broad range of behaviours and attitudes including violence, eating disorders, tobacco and alcohol use, surprisingly few studies have examined the effects of mass media on adolescent sexual attitudes and behaviours. Theoretical Perspectives: Attitudes and Behaviours The potential for mass media to influence behaviour has been supported through a number of different psychosocial theories, hypotheses, and models. Although there is considerable variation in theoretical mechanisms by which media might affect adolescents sexual attitudes and behaviours, most posit that sexually related message content and behaviour act over time as stimuli to change consumer psychological, physiologic, and behavioural function. The study thus analyses two theories namely Social-Learning Theory and Cultivation theory to relate the sexual behaviours among teenagers. Social-Learning Theory Banduras social-learning theory provides ample evidence that even when children and adults have not actually performed a behaviour, they can learn by imitation. Bandura identifies three main processes involved in learning: direct experience, indirect or vicarious experience from observing others (modelling), and the storing and processing of complex information through cognitive operations. This theory suggests that behaviours are learned and that they are influenced by social context: Television is seen as an increasingly influential agent of socialization that produces its effects through childrens propensity to learn by imitation. The premise of Social learning theory is that it focuses on viewers personal connections with the portrayals via identification and perceived relevance to the self. The dimensions here emphasize on television characters as models of behaviour. The hypothesis proposes that specific critical portrayals may exert a stronger force on impression-formation and image-building than might the sheer frequency of television characters and behaviours viewed. This notion emphasizes the power of individual performances to affect viewers, most likely portrayals that speak to the viewer in some way. Banduras theory predicts that teenagers will imitate or model what they see on television when those television personalities are rewarded or are not punished for their behaviour, and are perceived as attractive, powerful, and similar. Indeed, evidence suggests that perceiving TV figures as sexual role models is associated with more permissive sexual attitudes, more extensive sexual experience, and great er dissatisfaction with ones sexual status and sexual experiences. Thus, it is expected here that the contributions of TVs sexual content will be stronger among teenagers who more closely identify or connect with the portrayals of television personalities. In light of the aforesaid, the most common examples of social learning situations are television commercials, movies and music videos. Sexual content displayed in these programmes may suggest that certain sexual behaviour renders teenage boys and girls more attractive and admirable. The theory further indicates that human sexual behaviour is governed mainly by social conditioning, rather than endocrinal stimulation. Sexual modelling presented on television teaches affectionate techniques, reduces sexual inhibition, alters sexual attitudes, and shapes sexual behaviours by conveying norms: for instance, which behaviours are socially acceptable and which are not. Cultivation Theory Cultivation theory posits that heavy exposure to mass media creates and cultivates attitudes more consistent with a media-directed version of reality than with reality itself. Up to this point, the dominant theoretical model supporting this research has been the cultivation theory. The cultivation theory (Gerbner, Gross, Signorielli, 1994), proposes that televisions consistent images and portrayals construct a specific portrait of reality, and as viewers watch more and more television, they gradually come to cultivate or adopt attitudes and expectations about the world that coincide with this portrait. Although this model has typically been employed to explain the impact of TV violence, it has been applied successfully to the cultivation of attitudes about gender roles, politics and marriage. Accordingly, if content analyses indicate that sex on TV is glamorous, prevalent, recreational, and relatively risk free, the cultivation model predicts that frequent teenage television viewers will be more inclined than sporadic viewers to hold and accept this perspective of sexuality. Media portrayals and messages might affect the behaviour of teenagers over time by enabling them to acquire new attitudes and behaviours or by changing the likelihood that they will perform new or previously learned responses. However, while the results reported thus far are provocative and informative, and do support the premises of this model, they offer a limited analysis of televisions role in the sexual socialization process. It is argued here that viewing amounts should be seen as only one avenue through which TV exposure might affect teenagers. Indeed, the processes by which television viewing shapes viewers attitudes and expectations are varied and complex, with several factors contributing at the same time. Therefore, to better examine contributions of television exposure, other dimensions of viewing need to be considered. In particular, a key element missing has been the role of viewer involvement. The study believes that teenagers perceptions of the portrayals and their connections with the material are likely to be critical factors in the socialization process. Drawing on the premises of several theoretical perspectives, I have outlined four aspects of viewer involvement which I believe may play an important role. It is my argument that teenagers who feel more connected with the material and who are more involved in the viewing experience will be most affected by it. To contextualize the Cultivation theory, the study discusses viewing motivation, active viewing and perceived depiction. Viewing Motivation One dimension of cultivation theory involvement to be considered is viewing motivation, or teenagers expected uses of television. Gratifications concepts contend that people use and select media to gratify specific needs, and that specific uses lead to differences in viewing behaviour and outcomes. While some viewing is believed to be more ritualized, in which a television is used to fill time, escape, or provide company, other television use is more instrumental, in which viewing is purposeful and goal-directed, perhaps driven by information-or arousal-seeking. In relation to the study, we focus on instrumental motives, more specifically on viewing TV to learn about the sex. The expectation is that the effects of TVs sexual content will be stronger among teenagers who are intentionally using TV to learn about sexual behaviour. Active Viewing A second dimension of Cultivation theory focuses on the level of active viewing. According to this construct, teenagers exhibit varying levels of activity when using the television, differing in their selectivity, attention to, and involvement with the content viewed. However, while the expectation is that the effect of TV content will therefore depend on ones level of active involvement, the direction of this effect is unclear. The suggestions are that active teenage viewers are more affected by televisions messages; others indicate that passive teenager viewers are most vulnerable. In reconciling this debate, a current perspective suggests that different ways of being active contribute to different outcomes. It is argued that facilitative activity, which includes selectivity, attention, and involvement, is more likely to enhance television effects, whereas inhibitory activity, which includes avoidance, distraction, and scepticism, should deter them. Focusing here on facilitative ac tivity only, the expectations are that the socializing effects of TVs sexual content will be stronger among teenage viewers who tend to engage in more facilitative activity. Perceived Depiction A third dimension of involvement considers the perceived realism of the portrayals. Although most television programs are fictional, there are many aspects of the portrayals (such as the clothing, physical settings, dialogue, and situations) that closely resemble those in real life. Consequently, most notions predict that televisions impact will increase the more realistic its content is perceived to be. Evidence supports this premise, with cultivation effects appearing to work stronger for those who view the portrayals as realistic. Thus, it is expected that the socializing effect of televisions sexual content will be stronger among teenage viewers who perceive its portrayals as more realistic. Influence of Television on Teens Television has proven to exert a large influence on peoples attitudes and behaviour. It has been found to reflect and possibly shape the attitudes, values, and behaviours of young people. According to them, this medium has become so influential that it serves as a teacher, often providing a common source of information to young people. The role of media in teenagers lives has raised concerns in many respects, such as violence, sexuality and body dissatisfaction. Although numerous studies have demonstrated the effects of media on various behaviours, including violence and aggression, social stereotyping, and pro-social behaviours, the systematic process of examining sexual content on television and its impact on adolescent sexual behaviours is in its infancy. Studies have demonstrated clearly that sexual content is pervasive in TV programming, movies, music videos, and magazines; however, much less is known about sexual content on the radio (including remarks by presenters) and the sexual content of video and computer games. It is surprising that only a few studies have assessed the sexual content of the television, and none have specifically examined this content in relation to teenager exposure. This is particularly troublesome given that what little evidence there is indicates that the television programmes may contain the most sexually explicit content. Studies on the effects of television on teenagers sexual behaviour have found that prime-time programmes and music videos, focusing on sex outside marriage, promote more justifiable attitudes about premarital sex. Two cross-sectional surveys have linked frequent exposure to sexual television content and transition to sexual intercourse. However, because time order was not clear in these studies, Ward and Friedman further state that it is credible to conclude that teenagers who were having sexual intercourse were also those most interested in sexual content in the media, rather than that exposure to sexual media was accelerating the initiation of their sexual activity. The single longitudinal study on this topic found that adolescents (12-17 years old) who watched television shows with more sexual content were more likely than those who viewed fewer shows with sexual content to have engaged in more advanced sexual behaviour, as well as sexual intercourse, up to one year later. Larson is of the opinion that the exposure to portrayals of sex may affect adolescents in developing beliefs about cultural norms as well. He states that television may create the illusion that sex is more central to daily life than it truly is and may promote sexual initiation as a result, a process known as media cultivation. Exposure to the social models provided by television may also alter beliefs about the likely outcome of engaging in sexual activity. Social learning theory predicts that teens who see characters having casual sex without experiencing negative consequences will be more likely to adopt the behaviours portrayed. Although televised sexual portrayals can theoretically inhibit sexual activity when they include depictions of sexual risks (such as the possibility of contracting an STI or becoming pregnant), abstinence, or the need for sexual safety, this type of depiction occurs in only negligibly of shows with sexual content. As a result, sexual content on television is far more likely to influence sexual behaviour among teenagers than discourage it. Teenage Sexual Behaviour in Kenya It has been documented that modernisation increases opportunities for sexual encounters and provides new models for sexual behaviour. The results suggest that modernisation favour transgression of the more restrictive traditions that existed decades. The scenario in Kenya regarding to teenage sexuality, little has been done to study the trends on the issue. Some of the close related studies done have mainly focused on sex education and reproductive health among adolescents. Problems related to sexuality and related behaviours seem to play a central role in the lives of many teenagers. In many parts of Kenya sexual debut begins early and in the absence of information and services. They state 7 out of 10 young people in Kenya have had sex before the age of 19. This high level of sexual activity is associated with risks such as HIV/AIDS, pregnancy, unsafe abortion, economic hardship and school dropout. Currently 5 in 10 girls in Kenya have begun childbearing before age 20 years. In most communities in Kenya, adolescents are faced with many of the same problems and violations of rights that may lead to sexual abuse. In their report, they have identified some reasons to explain this situation; the break down in traditional family systems in both urban and rural areas, influence of the mass media and modernisation as well as the lack of access to information and services are just some of the factors. In some cases they have pointed out that there is poor packaging of information for teens consumption hence having a negative impact on their sexual behaviours. In compounding this, it illustrates that not only do teenagers lack the right information and skills they need to make sound, healthy choices, but they are at particularly high risk of serious, long-term consequences of poor decision-making about sexual activity regarding to STIs, sexual abuse and early parenting. Narrowing it down to area of study, Kenya boosts over five national television stations and cable television. These stations broadcast various programmes featuring music videos, films, educative programmes, soap operas, all these shows run under various themes which may or may not have sexual connotations. Due to limited dedication to sex education among teens, the outcome is that these teens will rely on their own judgement or peer advice to make decisions regarding to sex. Thesis Critique Based on this review, the study identified many gaps in our knowledge of the sexual content of various television especially Kenya, the amount of exposure to it by adolescents, and the impact of this exposure. Moreover, there is a noticeable scarcity of well-conducted, scientifically rigorous studies that examine the impact of sexual content in the television media on sexual behaviours among adolescents, and there are no studies that have longitudinally examined the cumulative effects of sexual content in different types of media. It is critical that longitudinal research be conducted, and within the multilevel context of child development: that is to say, different groups of adolescents (defined by age, geographic location, tribe, domestic situation, and other variables) have different media diets, and identical diets may have differing effects depending on a number of factors. Based on this review, future studies should survey parents to assess the effectiveness of parental involvement, communication, supervision, and monitoring of media sexual content in the media in influencing the sexual attitudes and behaviours of teenagers. Also there is a need to evaluate adolescent and parent media-literacy education to determine best-practice interventions and their impact on youth viewing choices, interpretation of content, and sexual attitudes and behaviours: Intervention studies are needed to examine whether current media-literacy education has an impact on adolescent sexual attitudes, decision-making, and behaviours and how such programs may be improved to best protect teens. Throughout the study, there no are tangible researches in relation to teen sexual behaviours done which has taken into account early initiation of sexual intercourse, number of sexual partners, other sexual behaviours such as oral sex, dating violence among teenagers. Conclusively, this study categorically urges that there is need to address potential mediating variables such as puberty, peer factors, society and family factors (e.g., parental supervision and monitoring of media use); only in such ways can we determine the effects of television on adolescent sexual attitudes and behaviours. Conclusion This chapter has focused on discussing the theoretical framework that underlines this study. A review of social learning theory and cultivation theory with the main emphasis placed on cultivation theory. The importance of observing modelling behaviour, attitudes and viewing motivations of teenagers is addressed, as is the fundamental assumption of social learning theory and cultivation theory. The modelling process, factors influencing observa